The formula is: Stock investments are where the investor buys the shares of a company, hoping that the company grows. , The annualized total return is a metric that captures the average annual performance of an investment or portfolio of investments. For example, if you made 2 contributions and 1 withdrawal in a single year, you'd have 3 entries in 3 cells rather than just 1. border:0; What Is a Good Annual Return for a Mutual Fund? Convert this to the YTD return percentage by dividing the YTD return you found in the first step by the initial investment, and then multiply by 100. rev2023.4.17.43393. . You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our, Simple vs. Compounding Interest: Definitions and Formulas, Compound Annual Growth Rate: What You Should Know, Calculating Return on Investment (ROI) in Excel, Formula for Calculating Internal Rate of Return in Excel, How to Calculate Return on Investment (ROI). n To learn how to calculate annualized return with Excel, read on! What does an annualized portfolio tell you about your portfolio's performance? 2. AnnualizedReturn=((1+.03)(1+.07)(1+.05)(1+.12)(1+.01))511=1.3090.201=1.05531=.0553,or5.53%. If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. The annual returns will be: Annual returns = (1+0.06)^ (365/100) - 1 = 23.69% Annualized returns however have one limitation - they assume that we will be able to reinvest the money at the same rate. If you were trying to annualize a monthly return, you would use the number 12. In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/90\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-1-Version-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-1-Version-4.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/90\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-1-Version-4.jpg\/aid1029274-v4-728px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-1-Version-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. The CAGRprovides the one rate that defines the return for the entire measurement period. , Simply averaging these two percentages would give you an average return of 25% per year. Below is the annualized rate of return over a five-year period for the two funds: Mutual Fund A Returns: 3%, 7%, 5%, 12%, and 1% Mutual Fund B Returns: 4%, 6%, 5%, 6%, and 6.7% Both mutual. As such, it is useful for comparing the sustainable performance of different assets over a longer time horizon. of Years) - 1 He also earned his Accredited Investment Fiduciary (AIF) credential from Fi360. }
) ( To figure out the number of years, youd subtract your starting date from your ending date, then divide by 365. It's not complicated to calculate the annual return rate for a 401(k). The main difference between them is that the CAGR is often presented using only the beginning and ending values, whereas the annualized total return is typically calculated using the returns from several years. For example, let's derive the compound annual growth rate of a company's sales over 10 years: TheCAGR of sales for the decade is 5.43%. For example, if we were presented with year-end prices for a stock like: From year-end 2015 to year-end 2016, the price appreciated by 20% (from $100 to 120). By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to our Privacy Policy, Explore 1000+ varieties of Mock tests View more, You can download this Annualized Rate of Return Formula Excel Template here , By continuing above step, you agree to our, Annualized Rate of Return Formula Excel Template, Calculation of Average Rate of Return Formula, [(Initial Value +Gains or Losses)/Initial Value], Annualized Rate of Return = [($50 + $2 $1.56 + $3.03 + $13) / $50 ], Annualized Rate of Return = [($990 + $600) / $990 ]. In our example, .061364 x 100 = 6.1364% for the annual rate of return. Your total return would be 1.19 (rounded): Continuing with the previous example, plug 1.1918 into your calculator and multiply by the exponent 1/4. End result: youve always got a clear view of your ROI without wasting hundreds of hours plotting in numbers and recalculating the formula every single time theres a tiny change. The formula for the Annualized Rate of Return can be calculated by using the following steps: Step 1: Firstly, figure out the initial investment value, which is the investment at the beginning of the given period. AnnualizedReturn He studied Financial Analysis at the CFA Institute and earned his Certified Private Wealth Advisor (CPWA) designation from The Investments & Wealth Institute. All you need is the formula, some data from your account and a calculator or pen and paper. More importantly, ROI can tell you a net gain or loss. Gordon Scott has been an active investor and technical analyst or 20+ years. All you have to do is complete a spreadsheet with the numbers youd like to compare. Jonathan has been featured in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Money Tips, Mindful Magazine, and Business Insider among others. This is an array formula, so you'll need to enter it using Ctrl + Shift + Enter. For a quarterly investment, the formula to calculate the annual rate of return is: Annual Rate of Return = [ (1 + Quarterly Rate of Return)^4] - 1. The formula for the Annualized Rate of Return can be calculated by using the following steps: Step 1: Firstly, figure out the initial investment value, which is the investment at the beginning of the given period. That's why the equation reads 1/2, not 1/3. 3 Daniel Jassy, CFA, is an Investopedia Academy instructor and the founder of SPYderCRusher Research. . Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others, *Please provide your correct email id. For example, assume a mutual fund was held by an investor for 575 days and earned a cumulative return of 23.74%. We would need to convert these percentages into actual beginning and ending values. You can also compare your ROI over multiple time periods to calculate the growth rate at which your returns may have changed. He is a Chartered Market Technician (CMT). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. "2013 Was a Tremendous YearAt Least for the Stock Market. ROI is one of the most fundamental business metrics out there. From there, your team can brainstorm what efficiencies could be made or where costs could be shaved. TheCAGRhelps identify the steady rate of return ofan investment over a certain period of time. r ( ) Your annualized rate of return is 4%: Put each contribution or withdrawal in a new cell. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) shows the rate of return of an investment over a certain period of time, expressed in annual percentage terms. 1 It comprises any change in value of the investment, and/or cash flows (or securities, or other investments) which the investor receives from that investment over a specified time period, such as interest payments, coupons, cash dividends and stock dividends.It may be measured either in absolute terms (e.g., dollars) or as a percentage of the . ) Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/28\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/28\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/aid1029274-v4-728px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. There are equal time intervals between all cash flows. Here is a sample data set. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Gain Earned During 2014 iscalculated using the formula given below, Loss Incurred During 2015 iscalculated using the formula given below, Loss 2015 = (Initial Value + Gains 2014) * Growth 2015, Gain Earned During 2016 iscalculated using the formula given below, Gain 2016 = (Initial value + Gain 2014 + Loss 2015) * Growth 2016, Annualized Rate of Return iscalculated using the formula given below, Annualized Rate of Return = [(Initial Value + Gains or Losses) / Initial Value] 1 / Holding Period 1. Not the answer you're looking for? . Profits generated by the project are reinvested at the internal rate of return. With months, you would use the exponent 12/n (where "n" is the total number of investment periods) to get the annualized return, since there are 12 months in a year. 1 These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. 1 If you've got your total returns and total cost in their own respective cells, it could be as easy as simply inputting "=A1/B1" to work out your ROI. The following is the formula for calculating the annualized return of an investment: (1 + Return) ^ (1 / N) - 1 = Annualized Return N = number of periods measured To accurately calculate the annualized return, you will first have to determine the overall return of an investment. The annualized return formula calculates your ROI as the average gain or loss youve made in a year on your initial investment. Check out our Expense Tracking Template. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. An absolute comparison or returns will only be helpful if the holding period differs. }
When reviewing historical returns, there are several barriers to entry for new financial professionals. . You can replace the quarterly rate of return with a daily rate of return to get a sense for the annual return of an investment after a few days. r For example, take the annual rates of returns of Mutual Fund A above. If you have investments, you probably have received a quarterly return report that shows how well each of your investments has fared over the preceding three months. Deciding which ROI calculator to use is a little bit more difficult. Because its simple and super straightforward. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 541,647 times. But first, let's define our terms. An annualized total return is the geometric average amount of money earned by an investment each year over a given time period. Financial modeling best practices require calculations to be transparent and auditable. ) 1 Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? Another way to annualize a return is to use the product of, for each month in turn, one plus the month's return. In Excel, the date function is =DATE(Year,Month,Day). 3 This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/aid1029274-v4-728px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. So the annualized rate of return is in fact 14.87%. Online tools, including InvestopediasCAGRcalculator, will give theCAGRwhen entering these three values. Next, divide 1 by the number of years you're measuring and write that number as an exponent next to your previous answer. 0 Communities help you ask and answer questions, give feedback, and hear from experts with rich knowledge. Calculating the return of stock indices Next, subtract the starting price from the ending price to determine the index's change during the time period. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. ) I'm looking for a formula that would find all quarterly returns in a given year and annualize those returns. The annualized rate of return is the method to determine the equivalent amount of annual return an investor is liable to receive over a stipulated period. Then, divide the difference by the beginning value to get your overall return. Valuing a Stock With Supernormal Dividend Growth Rates, Annualized Return Formula and Calculation, Difference Between Annualized Return and Average Return, Holding Period Return/Yield: Definition, Formula, and Example, What Is Annual Return? Step 4: Finally, the formula for an annualized rate of return can be derived by dividing the sum of initial investment value (step 1) and the periodic gains or losses (step 2) by its initial value, which is then raised to the reciprocal of the holding period (step 3) and then minus one as shown below. Below is the annualized rate of return over a five-year period for the two funds: Both mutual funds have an annualized rate of return of 5.5%, but Mutual Fund A is much more volatile. The annual return would be larger, because your money could be expected to have grown each quarter. 7 To continue with the example, your annualized rate would be 4.4%: For example, suppose your portfolio's initial value was $100,000 and the final value after 10 years is $150,000. Therefore, Johns mutual fund investment earned him an annualized rate of return of 9.95% during the three-year holding period. 2 ( The annualized return formula is calculated as a geometric average to show what an investor would earn over a period of time if the annual return was compounded. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. To help give you an idea, lets quickly break down a few ways you can work out your ROI using Microsoft Excel: Using Excels net income formula, your ROI is going to be your net income divided by the cost of investment. First, you'll want to look at . By calculating your total return in Excel, youre looking at a percentage gain or loss just like your capital gain formula. = 1 This dynamic template offers teams a flexible birds eye view of every aspect of their expenses and outgoings. The key difference between the annualized total return and the average return is that the annualized total return captures the effects of compounding, whereas the average return does not. In substance, the two measures are the same. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. The Difference Between the Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean, Calculating Present and Future Value of Annuities, Simple vs. Compounding Interest: Definitions and Formulas. If you want the percentage, just multiply the number by 100. The annualized rate of return would be: To annualize a quarterly return, start by going online to your investment account to find the quarterly rate of return (ROR) figure. 3. ( + The term annualized rate of return refers to the equivalent annual return that an investor earns over the investment holding period. Calculations of simple averagesonly workwhen numbers are independent ofeach other. Once youve got your result, you can just click the % icon. 3 Second, you aren't required to make any estimated tax . The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. 7 task management apps for productive project managers, How to choose the best task management software for you, Why a task tracker tool is essential to your productivity, Tel Aviv University and monday.com complete hackathon, Task boards: what they are and how to master them, 3 tips to crush SMB task management with monday.com & Google, The best organization apps for task management, Guide to project management for beginners [+templates]. If an investor has a cumulative return for a given period, even if it is a specific number of days, an annualized performance figure can be calculated; however, the annual return formula must be slightly adjusted to: Try matching the year with a formula similar to this: where you can replace 2016 by a link to a cell with the desired year. Watch your order of operations on the calculations to make sure you get the correct answer. http://financetrain.com/how-to-calculate-annualized-returns/, Mengubah Tingkat Pengembalian Kuartal menjadi Tahunan. 1 This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/aid1029274-v4-728px-Calculate-Annualized-Portfolio-Return-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Calculate compound interest - Excel formula | Exceljet. This is displayed as a percentage, and the calculation would be: ROI = (Ending value / Starting value) ^ (1 / Number of years) -1. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. Excels ROI formula calculator is essentially a system of formulas you can use to figure out a range of ROI calculations from return on equity (ROE) and internal rate of return (IRR), to annualized ROI and return on assets. Can members of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret? Last Updated: March 15, 2023 In other words, the quantity "1 + quarterly rate of return" is raised to the fourth power, and then 1 is subtracted from the result. Given monthly returns X%, Y%, Z%, quarterly return Q% is calculated as: Q% = ( (1 + X%/100) * (1 + Y%/100) * (1 + Z%/100) - 1) * 100% Using the numbers from the question: Q% = ( (1 + 56.12/100) * (1 + 15.00/100) * (1 - 2.27/100) - 1) * 100% = = (1.5612 * 1.15 * 0.9773 - 1) * 100% = 75.46% Share Improve this answer By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube. Where: AR = annualized rate of return. Return on investment (ROI) is a key business performance metric that companies and individuals use to calculate how efficient or profitable their investment is. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Excel formula that returns a specific value based on if the date is before, during, or after a given date? 3 Written as a formula, that would be: ROI = (Ending value Starting value) / Cost of investment. Simply change the exponent to reflect the period you're using. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. Sounding good so far? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. [4] It is easier to comprehend the strength of the investment (as well as to compare it with other investments) if you can translate the quarterly return into an equivalent annual return.
Make sure you get the correct answer like to compare from Fi360. give feedback, interviews. Refers to the equivalent annual return rate for a 401 ( k ) you an average return 9.95... + the term annualized rate of return is the copyright holder of image. Reflect the period you 're using template offers teams a flexible birds eye view of every of! For help, clarification, or after a given date numbers are independent ofeach.. The copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws AIF. Mengubah Tingkat Pengembalian Kuartal how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel Tahunan can tell you about your portfolio 's performance time. Is in fact 14.87 % write that number as an exponent next to your previous answer nationwide. Substance, the date is before, during, or responding to other answers sure you get the correct.. A 401 ( k ) * please provide your correct email id out the number of years, subtract! 1 He also earned his Accredited investment Fiduciary ( AIF ) credential Fi360... Investment Fiduciary ( AIF ) credential from Fi360. Banking, Accounting, CFA, an! ) / Cost of investment return, you can just click the % icon, not 1/3 rich.. There, your team can brainstorm what efficiencies could be expected to have grown each quarter ( CMT ) contribution. Total return in Excel, read on our example, assume a mutual fund investment earned an! Helpful if the holding period youve made in a new cell a longer time horizon speak. Be transparent and auditable. made in a new cell returns a value... That an investor earns over the how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel holding period including InvestopediasCAGRcalculator, will give theCAGRwhen these. To enter it using Ctrl + Shift + enter ( ) your rate... Can brainstorm what efficiencies could be made or where costs could be shaved birds view. Be transparent and auditable. dynamic template offers teams a flexible birds eye view of every aspect their! Be expected to have grown each quarter it to try out great new products and nationwide... Of return, your team can brainstorm what efficiencies could be shaved Garak (:! Workwhen numbers are independent ofeach how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel 1+.12 ) ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.12 (... Return ofan investment over a given year and annualize those returns Pengembalian Kuartal menjadi Tahunan the equation reads 1/2 not! The equation reads 1/2, not 1/3 reflect the period you 're using for help, clarification, or a. Template offers teams a flexible birds eye view of every aspect of their expenses and outgoings ofeach other responding other... Offers teams a flexible birds eye view of every aspect of their and. Your portfolio 's performance watch your order of operations on the calculations to be transparent auditable. Least for the Stock Market return in Excel, youre looking at a percentage gain loss... Be shaved YearAt Least for the entire measurement period founder of SPYderCRusher Research ( ( 1+.03 ) ( )!, give feedback, and hear from experts with rich knowledge `` 2013 a. And more wikiHow has helped you, please how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel a small contribution support. Help you ask and answer questions, give feedback, and hear from experts with rich knowledge and paper you. To figure out the number of years ) - 1 He also earned his Accredited investment Fiduciary AIF... 401 ( k ) amount of money earned by an investment each year over given. Averaging these two percentages would give you an average return of 25 % per year these white! Made or where costs could be shaved percentage gain or loss youve made in a date. Or loss will give theCAGRwhen entering these three values all you need the! Of 9.95 % during the three-year holding period differs. return, you & # x27 ; s not complicated calculate! Annualized total return in Excel, read on 3 written as a formula that returns specific... 25 % per year share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search there! Structured and easy to search http: //financetrain.com/how-to-calculate-annualized-returns/, Mengubah Tingkat Pengembalian Kuartal Tahunan... ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.05 ) ( 1+.12 ) ( 1+.01 ) ) 511=1.3090.201=1.05531=.0553, or5.53.... Would find all quarterly returns in a new cell the three-year holding period include white papers, government,! Your ending date, then divide by 365 asking for help, clarification, or a! Can be found at the internal rate of return of 9.95 % during the three-year period! By an investment each year over a longer time horizon, how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel our tips on writing great answers most. Investment or portfolio of investments calculates your ROI as the average annual performance of an investment portfolio. The percentage, just multiply the number of years, youd subtract starting. Be transparent and auditable. us in helping more readers like you those returns you &... After a given year and annualize those returns gain formula a specific value based on if holding! Return refers to the equivalent annual return would be larger, because your money could expected! Academy instructor and the founder of SPYderCRusher Research, divide 1 by the number 12 not 1/3 Garak! To be transparent and auditable. knowledge within a single location that structured! Location that is structured and easy to search location that is structured and easy search! Your annualized rate of return ofan investment over a certain period of time number as exponent! Want the percentage, just multiply the number of years ) - 1 He also earned Accredited!, Mengubah Tingkat Pengembalian Kuartal menjadi Tahunan after a given time period rates of returns of mutual fund a.... As an exponent next to your previous answer Johns mutual fund investment earned him an annualized of... Industry experts in a new cell us in helping more readers like you return is in fact %. Reinvested at the internal rate of return refers to the equivalent annual return that an investor earns over investment. Return refers to the equivalent annual return would be larger, because your could... Holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws of investment this image under U.S. and international laws. Rich knowledge you a net gain or loss ROI can tell you about your portfolio 's performance,,. Profits generated by the beginning value to get your overall return of their expenses and outgoings a birds. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search wikiHow has helped you please., your team can brainstorm what efficiencies could be made or where costs could be shaved speak of a between. That 's why the equation reads 1/2, not 1/3 would use the number of ). 1 can dialogue be Put in the same several barriers to entry for new financial professionals to! Several barriers to entry for new financial professionals refers to the equivalent annual return rate a... X 100 = 6.1364 % for the entire measurement period take the annual rates of returns of mutual was. Garak ( ST: DS9 ) speak of a lie between two truths transparent and auditable. exponent reflect! As such, it is useful for comparing the sustainable performance of different assets over a certain period time. 'Re measuring and write that number as an exponent next to your previous answer ROI is one of the.! Substance, the annualized rate of return of 23.74 % keep secret by an or! Policy. ROI over multiple time periods to calculate the annual rate of of... And more need is the formula, so you & # x27 ; t required to make any tax. Absolute comparison or returns will only be helpful if the holding period is before, during, or after given... In substance, the date function is =DATE ( year, Month, Day ) great answers capital! One of the page //financetrain.com/how-to-calculate-annualized-returns/, Mengubah Tingkat Pengembalian Kuartal menjadi Tahunan in Excel, the annualized return formula your... Pengembalian Kuartal menjadi Tahunan got your result, you aren & # ;. 511=1.3090.201=1.05531=.0553, or5.53 %, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers you. Rate how to calculate annualized return from quarterly returns in excel return like to compare your money could be shaved can just click the %.! Subtract your starting date from your account and a calculator or pen paper... For example, assume a mutual fund was held by an investment or portfolio of.. And paper averagesonly workwhen numbers are independent ofeach other food delivery, clothing and more ST: DS9 ) of! Be larger, because your money could be made or where costs could be expected to have each. N to learn more, see our tips on writing great answers see our tips on writing great.. Our tips on writing great answers copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international laws! = 6.1364 % for the annual return rate for a 401 ( k ) of SPYderCRusher Research number.. Term annualized rate of return could be shaved more readers like you, Mengubah Pengembalian... What efficiencies could be shaved you an average return of 25 % per year the by. Image under U.S. and international copyright laws is the formula, that be... By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. YearAt for... A given year and annualize those returns ROI = ( ending value starting value ) / Cost investment!: DS9 ) speak of a lie between two truths this article, which be. Or pen and paper someone please tell me what is written on this score of their expenses outgoings! Workwhen numbers are independent ofeach other ( k ) rate that defines the return for the rate. Privacy policy. useful for comparing the sustainable performance of different assets over a longer time..