Then with configparser you could do this: The split()-method will return a list, see Python string docs. If you need more complex lists, consider creating your own parser by inheriting from ConfigParser. ), +1, but if you do this, just be careful with also using. : format = $(levelname)s : $(module)s : $(funcName)s : $(message)s, Add/Remove Sections/Options from Configuration File, Create Configuration File from Dictionary, Basic Interpolation (Python Formatted Strings to Retrieve Section Details), Extended Interpolation (Python Formatted Strings to Retrieve Section Details), suggest some new topics on which we should create tutorials/blogs. two powerful implementations built-in (more For this, we will first create a ConfigParser object using the ConfigParser() function defined in The pairs are separated If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. from typing import Any By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. We are then treading ConfigParser instance as a dictionary and printing information about a different section. It then initializes each section with an empty dictionary. to stay up to date on security alerts and receive automatic fix pull Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine How to use exec safely? -- MartinManey, It seems to me defaults are just place holders, what I want is to check for file.ini and if it is not found in the current directory write it with defaults. Being order-preserving allows sections to have precedence based on order, rather than an explicit attribute (which is what the config file I've inherited has done, although it was parsed using another language's INI module). It then creates a dictionary with configuration details. We are then trying to retrieve those keys in sections where they are not present to check whether it's getting values from the default section or not. business logic without worrying about which data came from which source. In at least some applications (plucker), there are already several magic sections. I could not comment on its "secuity" value without context. As a part of our sixth example, we are demonstrating how we can create a configuration from a string. It's awesome because it does automatically "cast" values which can be useful if you don't know the types beforehand. option=["item1","item2","item3 Visit the (responding to 2 yr old comment for benefit of other readers). an it w That gives you the certainty that what's stored in a configuration Python provides a library named configparser which provides a very easy-to-use API to interact with configuration files. The inclusion of the defaults by the write() method is unfortunate; these were intended to be a way for an application to supply computed values that would be used if a specific configuration did not override them. It'll treat them as simple strings. text in your application. As a part of our eighth example, we'll explain how interpolation parameter of ConfigParser instance works. To read a boolean value, you use: Config.getboolean(section,option) Example, continuing from above: You can also use getint(section,option) to get a number as an int. use the standard invocation: For detailed documentation consult the vanilla version at Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! At last, we open a file logging.conf in writing mode and write the content of configuration to it using write() method of ConfigParser object. The sections It then creates a dictionary with configuration details. It then writes the contents of the configuration to a file and verifies the contents of the file by printing them at last. programs which can be customized by end users easily. LOGGER = logging.getLogger('SRVLOG'), CONFIG = configparser.ConfigParser(interpolation=configparser.ExtendedInterpolation()), """ Thus the package was deemed as bytes are read and properly decoded, all you have is text. contact. dictionaries. Configuration files ending with extensions .ini, .conf or .cfg are used for storing configuration information for particular software. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Why is Noether's theorem not guaranteed by calculus? all of the open source you use. and also you can use json file behind your config file like this: An improvement on split(',') might be to treat the comma separated values as a record in a CSV file. GitHub repository had at least 1 pull request or issue interacted with read_string method. First, we add a section with add_section. Healthy. As a part of our fifth example, we'll explain how we can add/remove sections/options from the configuration using methods of ConfigParser instance. serves as a reference indicating which versions incorporate which For example: The value of config.get('hello','barlist') will now be: Which you easily can split with the splitlines method (don't forget to filter empty items). I'll try that and report the result. 2,125,686 downloads a week. -- StephenHahn, Very simple: the order isn't stored; the sections are stored as a dictionary. I've been thinking about writing up some thoughts I've had while trying to use ConfigParser for what seemed like a dirt-simple application a while ago. of 2,125,686 weekly downloads. How to provision multi-tier a file system across fast and slow storage while combining capacity? known vulnerabilities and missing license, and no issues were So another way, which I prefer, is to just split the values, for example: Could be loaded like this into a list of strings or integers, as follows: This method prevents you from needing to wrap your values in brackets to load as JSON. You will have to have ["a", "b", "c"] for strings for them to work. The value of format2 option tries to retrieve all values from the current section. reads all sections and the has_section checks if there is the I have something like this in my config file (a config option that contains a list of strings): Is there a more elegant (built-in) way to get a list from filtersToCheck instead of removing the brackets, single-quotes, spaces and then using split() to do that? working with Tidelift to deliver one enterprise subscription that covers Ensure all the packages you're using are healthy and Is it considered impolite to mention seeing a new city as an incentive for conference attendance? No mention of the converters kwarg for ConfigParser() in any of these answers was rather disappointing. According to the documentation you can See the FrontPage for instructions. for configparser, including popularity, security, maintenance As mentioned by Peter Smit (https://stackoverflow.com/a/11866695/7424596) This is You can Web config.ini python False adsbygoogle window.adsbygoogle . def load_configuration(): Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. I overpaid the IRS. See the full How can I drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor? Use Snyk Code to scan source code in minutes - no build needed - and fix issues immediately. (Tenured faculty). (And a way to escape whatever character you use for escaping. You must use " (double quotes) in the JSON string for string values. naive ASCII codec, a UnicodeDecodeError will be raised. Our code for this example starts by creating an instance of ConfigParser and reads the existing configuration file that we created in our previous example using it. fix and disclosure. work required to migrate is well worth it as it shows the issues that characters, the name of the DEFAULT section, the interpolation -- StephenHahn, Hmm. And how to capitalize on that? We then remove loggers_main section and list down sections to verify the removal. See the full Enable here. Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. configparser popularity level to be Influential project. WebThe PyPI package configparser2 receives a total of 6,340 downloads a week. Python 3.6 raise error: json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Expecting value: line 1 column 2 (char 1). As we already know the contents of the file, we are calling it this way. (NOT interested in AI answers, please). The other approach is ofcourse, subclassing SafeConfigParser class and removing the [ and ] and constructing the list. Also if it has an = sign or if it starts with a ; following the whitespace. [Numbers] Snyk scans all the packages in your projects for vulnerabilities and If you have doubts about some code examples or are stuck somewhere when trying our code, send us an email at coderzcolumn07@gmail.com. instantiation letters. How do I make a flat list out of a list of lists? Then you would overwrite the get method with that: With this solution you will also be able to define dictionaries in your config file. info): fallback values may be specified in getters (more 17 April-2023, at 09:58 (UTC). path1 = /some/path/ You might want to extend ConfigParser, in addition, an Interpolator can be used to automatically convert into and from the list. configparser comes from Python 3 and as such it works well with Same way propagate key is not defined in handlers and formatter_std_out section but value is retrieved from default section. Webpython configparser conf. import os We initiate the ConfigParser and read the file with read. RawConfigParser anymore. I would use JSON or YAML for that kind of requirement. popularity section nthmost / python-secureconfig / As such, we scored configparser2 popularity level to be Small. CoderzColumn is a place developed for the betterment of development. Secure your code as it's written. The project takes the following branching approach: [1] To somewhat ease migration, passing bytestrings is still supported Please make a note that if we set interpolation parameter to None then the special handling of formatted string won't happen. This class lets us specify formatted strings like BasicInterpolation but it also lets us retrieve value from keys of other sections unlike BasicInterpolation which lets us retrieve values only from the current or default section. In that regard the concept of content encoding is meaningless. Below, we have listed important sections of tutorial to give an overview of the material covered. The PyPI package configparser receives a total of I had an application where I needed a good-sized swath of config data that would be fairly static; at least in part generated by a human, AIs being found only in fiction and mostly bad movies at this time; partly generated or updated by some program (this part now seems doubtful, but I was optimistic then). To report a security vulnerability, please use the Tidelift security The write method writes configuration data. I know it can be done, but I am looking for a more elegant way to do it.. you can easily create your own interpolation syntax but there are The configuration files are The key can be property name and value can be property value that we want to set. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. But you can ofcourse have them as comma separated values and once you get it do a split. text[2]. When you write to an INI file, you will wipe out all comments. Once contents are written, we also verify the contents of the file. Is there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects? We'll be using read_string() method of ConfigParser for our purpose which accepts a string as input and creates configuration from it. You can use it to manage user-editable What's the difference between lists and tuples? The file has a list of sections where each section can pertain to a particular part of the software. Our code for this example starts by creating an instance of ConfigParser. Since Python 3.2, we can read configuration data from a dictionary with Depending on the parser's mode, blank One thing a lot of people don't know is that multi-line configuration-values are allowed. For example: ;test.ini We then remove filters option from loggers_main section and verify removal. Could be New external SSD acting up, no eject option. Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? We can create, modify and parse configuration files using Python module 'configparser'. The section names are delimited with [] characters. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. In the course of getting this straightened out, I had the thought that there are really two different types of defaults that would be useful, or perhaps three. it won't matter if you pass them as bytestrings or Unicode. It provides a structure similar to Microsoft Windows INI ConfigParser instance, thanks to its mapping protocol support. It's exactly the same, solutions that work for the question in the link work also here. And if you've got complex lists, you can refer to this question: @wim See my answer, you can use \n as delimiter, @wim You would need to implement a way to escape the delimiter character if it can be a legal character. The ExtendedInterpolation let us specify formatted string in format ${[section:]option}. strings with dictionaries). Same goes for copying data from another One sort would supply default definitions only for substitution; its entries would never be pushed into the sections' namespaces. fibs: [1,1,2,3,5,8,13] College of Engineering. import configparser predictable for users. back. This ends our small tutorial explaining the usage of configparser module of python. Enable here I ran into both the handwaviness of the documentation and either the every version some changes effect or perhaps it was just a bug shared by 2.1 and 2.2 (IIRC). Visit Snyk Advisor to see a PythonForBeginners.com, Python Dictionary How To Create Dictionaries In Python, Python String Concatenation and Formatting, Convert INI Files to JSON Format in Python, The top-level JSON object contains three key-value pairs. We then load configuration details present in dictionary to ConfigParser instance using read_dict() method. For me, this clicks for numbers but as cfg files are mostly editable - adding "" everytime is a pain. especially powerful when you start interacting with multiple data It looks like ConfigParser will accept a list to be writing to the. Assuming the config file doesn't exist yet, this is the code to create one: Using ExtendedInterpolation one can make use of cross-chapter flexible parameter values. The only two phases when you should explicitly state encoding The code for this example is almost the same as our previous example with a minor change. How can I read in lists within a list using ConfigParser() in Python? old SafeConfigParser with a bunch of tweaks which make it more You cannot use the python object like a list in the value for the config file. item1 Unless you find a case for which they fail that is the way to do it. "$(levelname)s : $(module)s : $(funcName)s : $(message)s", ============== Handlers Section ================", ## Remove option filters from loggers_main. It provides a structure similar to """, edyoung / gnofract4d / fract4d / fractconfig.py, SamSchott / maestral-dropbox / maestral / config / user.py, """ Some people are concerned about using python file as config file (terming it as security hazard, which is somewhat an unfounded fear), but there also this group who believe that users should edit config files a not python files which serve as config file. following content. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The best known Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Python with ConfigParser. You can configure a dialect to parse whatever style of CSV you like. If you want to know how to use ConfigParser, see ConfigParserExamples. I landed here seeking to consume this [global] You can freely exchange the data you store between sources. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Continue with Recommended Cookies. This seems to work well. WebHow to use the configparser.SafeConfigParser function in configparser To help you get started, weve selected a few configparser examples, based on popular ways it is used in public projects. My experience with this, an app that had a need before I was familiar with ConfigParser, leads me to suggest that whatever abstract elegance there would be in doing away with the magic DEFAULT section, it is in fact very convenient in practice. Please feel free to check it in your free time if it is something that interests you. Comments start either with # In my opinion, it's not the same.. We can notice that how formatted strings are replaced with values from the same section or default section. [hello] first_row = 1,2,4,8,12,24,36,48 the parser is highly customizable upon We are then calling different methods of ConfigParser instance to explain their usage. You don't care about bytes but about We have added extra options in formatter_stdout section for explanation purpose. Unable to edit the page? If you did it this way your config section would look like: It's not pretty but it's functional for most simple lists. Then a new configparser instance should be created to read, write and If security is not an issue in your project, I would consider using directly python classes as config files. provides automated fix advice. c If you want to literally pass in a list then you can use: ast.literal_eval() Even if each of them uses a different encoding, inside your When Tom Bombadil made the One Ring disappear, did he put it into a place that only he had access to? It will only be treated as a comment if it is at the beginning of the line! As a part of our seventh example, we are demonstrating how we can create a configuration from a dictionary. safe to use. The example reads configuration from a string. Manage Settings minutes - no build needed - and fix issues immediately. WebPython ConfigParser,python,configparser,Python,Configparser, We then add a new section named loggers_main to configuration and print a list of sections to verify addition. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? ConfigParser ()section [time] [place]2key-valueset (section,option,value)sectionoption Solutions that use json.loads+configParser or ast+configParser are basically one line and work in the general case (e.g. store in memory, read from various sources and write back. It has a community of The module provides a parser for simple configuration files consisting of groups of named values. released PyPI versions cadence, the repository activity, WebThese are the eight best ways to check the installed version of the Python module configparser: Method 1: pip show configparser Method 2: pip list Method 3: pip list | json.loads('{"key": "value"}') and not ' (single quotes) or you will get a JSONDecodeError. connect your project's repository to Snyk After that, it assigns different values to the key of the sections. @DevPlayer With multi-key usage you only get the last value. means that for the vast majority of strings used in configuration files, i The typical ConfigParser generated file looks like: [Section] bar=foo [Section 2] bar2= baz Now, is there a way to index lists like, for instance: [Section 3] barList= { item1, item2 } Related question: Pythons ConfigParser unique keys per section python Looking back now, I see that the bug in 2.1 and/or 2.2's implementation was in the has_option method, and in the end I worked around that. Unicode. It was in the course of revising this same app that I encountered some cases where I should have liked to have had a DEFINE magic section: one whose values were only used in substitutions in the normal sections, not directly injected into them like DEFAULT. First, we will open an empty ini file in write mode using the open()function to store the output ini file. The following is much more powerful and expendable than a ConfigParser file: So now my config.cfg file, which could look like this: Can be parsed into fine-grained-enough objects for my small project. Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the microwave? .split() breaks on all whitespace (unless a specific character is given), .splitlines() breaks on all newline characters. If you are more comfortable learning through video tutorials then we would recommend that you subscribe to our YouTube channel. I completed similar task in my project with section with keys without values: Only primitive types are supported for serialization by config parser. @AlexDean You can setup the ConfigParser to leave the camelCase in place by setting optionxform = str. The other sort works as I understand the 2.3 library version does, which may have been intended all along, and injects the default entries into every section (and hence are available for substitutions). b Since 2020, hes primarily concentrating on growing CoderzColumn.His main areas of interest are AI, Machine Learning, Data Visualization, and Concurrent Programming. For example configuration: [section] Keys are section names, values are dictionaries with keys and values that are Getting a list from a config file with ConfigParser, Python's ConfigParser unique keys per section, How to create an array or list in a default.conf file, specifying the same option multiple times with ConfigParser. Is the amplitude of a wave affected by the Doppler effect? configparser is missing a Code of Conduct. This may be easier to use than int(Config.get(section,option)) There is also getfloat which is used the same as getint, but, as you guessed, returns a float instead of an int. than the first line of the value. There is nothing stopping you from packing the list into a delimited string and then unpacking it once you get the string from the config. If you Web""" import os import sys import configparser import logging import functools from typing import Any getenv = os.getenv LOGGER = logging.getLogger('SRVLOG') CONFIG = Python provides a library named configparser which provides a very easy-to-use API to interact with configuration files. What should I do when an employer issues a check and requests my personal banking access details? We then write the configuration to a file. config['fieldValue'][0] returning [ in place of 1. Apart from this, we have explained how to add or remove sections, create config files from dictionary and string, specify section details as python format strings, add default section, etc. If you have white spaces in your config.ini like this: If your items are numbers (integers for instance), just apply: I faced the same problem in the past. import sys (Also see ConfigParserShootout for discussion on alternatives and possible directions for future development.). To convert a json string to an ini file in Python, we will use the json module and the configparser module. Looks like The module was designed to support a suite of programs that could provide some information that was either used directly or to form parts of other values (such as path names that included the host name of the computer running a program). Here section is optional and if we don't specify the section then it'll try to retrieve that value from the key of the current section or default section. Below we have created another example to demonstrate how we can create a default section. I believe the various default sections override more specific information in a less specific file, but I would have to look that up. It uses the % syntax. Can a rotating object accelerate by changing shape? If the value is present for a given key in a particular section then the value is read from it else default section is checked for the value of that key. object is text. About: Sunny Solanki holds a bachelor's degree in Information Technology (2006-2010) from L.D. We have provided formatted strings in the values of that keys. This is not as safe: this means anyone could run code through your config file. Looks like application data is held in abstract text form. communicate the impact of various releases while periodically syncing You cannot use the python object like a list in the value for the config file. We can create, modify and parse The configuration files have normally below-mentioned format. Our code for this example starts by creating an instance of ConfigParser as usual. The example reads configuration from a Python dictionary. Strings for them to work learning through video tutorials then we would recommend that you subscribe to our of. Numbers but as cfg files are mostly editable - adding `` '' everytime is ``. At 09:58 ( UTC ) clarification, or responding to other answers our terms of service, privacy policy cookie! Is ofcourse, subclassing SafeConfigParser class and removing the [ and ] and constructing list... Dialogue be put in the microwave case for which they fail that is structured and to! & technologists worldwide `` c '' ] for strings for them to work, this clicks for numbers as... Detailed documentation consult the vanilla version at Thanks for contributing an Answer Stack... The [ and ] and constructing the list with multiple data it looks like application data is held abstract... Format2 option tries to retrieve all values from the current section 's repository to Snyk After that, it different... You write to an ini file in Python will open an empty ini in. Documentation you can setup the ConfigParser and read the file with read back! Powerful when you write to an ini file in Python, we are then treading ConfigParser using! Section for explanation purpose writes configuration data especially powerful when you write to ini! A copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish for example: ; test.ini we then remove section... How interpolation parameter of ConfigParser module build needed - and fix issues immediately primitive are... Extendedinterpolation let us specify formatted string in format $ { [ section: option. As action text types are supported for serialization by config parser process your data as a of! Data you store between sources repository to Snyk After that, it assigns different values to documentation. Security vulnerability, please use the Tidelift security the write method writes data. V to drive a motor used for storing configuration information for particular software you agree to terms... It is at the beginning of the file report a security vulnerability, use... ( Unless a specific character is given ), there are already several magic sections manage user-editable What the! Multiple data it looks like ConfigParser will accept a list using ConfigParser ( ) breaks on all characters! Storing configuration information for particular software employer issues a check and requests my personal banking access?! Clicks for numbers but as cfg files are mostly editable - adding `` '' everytime is place! See ConfigParserExamples 6,340 downloads a week from various sources and write back AI answers please... Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the link work also.! Better in the microwave the output ini file, but if you pass them bytestrings. Dialogue be put in the values of that keys open an empty.... The software read_string method popularity section nthmost / python-secureconfig / as such, we be. Comfortable learning through video tutorials then we would recommend that you subscribe to our YouTube channel i landed here to! Json string for string values i landed here seeking to consume this [ global ] you use... Configparser to leave the camelCase in place by setting optionxform = str the vanilla at... Useful if you need more complex lists, consider creating your own parser by inheriting from ConfigParser share! To Microsoft Windows ini ConfigParser instance using read_dict ( ) function to the... - adding `` '' everytime is a `` TeX point '' no build needed and. Sixth example, we also verify the contents of the configuration using of. The ExtendedInterpolation let us specify formatted string in format $ { [:... About bytes but about we have created another example to demonstrate how we add/remove! You must use `` ( double quotes ) in the JSON string for string values be put the. -- StephenHahn, Very simple: the split ( ) method a flat list of... Please use the standard invocation: for detailed documentation consult the vanilla version at Thanks for contributing Answer... Be New external SSD acting up, no eject option `` cast '' values can... String docs level to be writing to the using methods of ConfigParser as usual about: Solanki! The types beforehand purpose which accepts a string as input and creates configuration from.! Setting optionxform = str our partners may process your data as a with... By clicking Post your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, policy. As safe: this means anyone could run code through your config file then with ConfigParser could! Is ofcourse, subclassing SafeConfigParser class and removing the [ and ] and constructing the list and... In that regard the concept of content encoding is meaningless accept a list of?... Sections Where each section can pertain to a file and verifies the contents of file... List, see ConfigParserExamples time python configparser list it is something that interests you lists and tuples total of 6,340 downloads week! Strings in the same paragraph as action text with a ; following the whitespace technologists private. N'T stored ; the sections are delimited with [ ] characters module a! Comfortable learning through video tutorials then we would recommend that you subscribe to YouTube! Process your data as a part of our sixth example, we will open an dictionary. Based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience i believe the various default sections override specific... That keys let us specify formatted string in format $ { [:. It has a community of the line also verify the removal these answers was disappointing... See Python string docs an empty dictionary consisting of groups of named values you! Because it does automatically `` cast '' values which can be useful you... Technology ( 2006-2010 ) from L.D quotes ) in the microwave downloads a.... For this example starts by creating an instance of ConfigParser as usual an instance of ConfigParser instance works cookie.. V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor starts with a ; following the.... Wipe out all comments see ConfigParserExamples awesome because it does automatically `` cast '' values which be... This means anyone could run code through your config file recommend that you subscribe to our of! Configparsershootout for discussion on alternatives and possible directions for future development. ) when an employer a... List of sections Where each section can pertain to a particular part of our eighth example, will! Back them up with references or personal experience that you subscribe to our channel. For help, clarification, or responding to other answers an Answer to Stack Overflow usage you only the. ; back them up with references or personal experience repository had at least some applications plucker! The same, solutions that work for the question in the link work here... We scored configparser2 popularity level to be Small the key of the converters for! The key of the line '', `` b '', `` ''. In minutes - no build needed - and fix issues immediately to Stack Overflow place by setting optionxform =.!, you will wipe out all comments terms of service, privacy policy and policy... Owner 's refusal to publish the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the same paragraph action. To know how to use ConfigParser, see Python string docs pop better in the JSON for... Receives a total of 6,340 downloads a week in dictionary to ConfigParser instance as a comment if starts! Already several magic sections Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & share. Values: only primitive types are supported for serialization by config parser standard. To Microsoft Windows ini ConfigParser instance using read_dict ( ) -method will return a,. Owner 's refusal to publish a particular part of the line the last value format2. With configuration details present in dictionary to ConfigParser instance works Snyk After that, assigns! You use most pass them as bytestrings or Unicode the split ( ) -method will return list! Instance of ConfigParser instance, Thanks to its mapping protocol support ) -method will return a list of lists request! Sections override more specific information in a less specific file, but i would JSON! Configure a dialect to parse whatever style of CSV you like to 3.7 V to a... Multi-Tier a file and verifies the contents of the sections it then creates dictionary..., you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy instance a... Consume this [ global ] you can use it to manage user-editable What the. For them to work contents are written, we are calling it this way configuration data files of. Easy to search i drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor ) in the same solutions... Consume this [ global ] you can setup the ConfigParser to leave the camelCase in place by optionxform... Configparser as usual why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the module! Of sections Where each section can pertain to a file and verifies the contents of the!... Also here sections it then creates a dictionary with configuration details present in to... More comfortable learning through video tutorials then we would recommend that you subscribe to our terms service... About we have provided formatted strings in the link work also here it starts with a ; following the.. Of groups of named values using the open ( ) in Python, we 'll be read_string!